Table 6 Secondary post-treatment outcomes by second-stage interventions

Weight, kg

 WLC

11

104.21 (23.30)

11

103.07 (25.01)

 − 1.14 (4.83)

 Metformin

11

118.18 (32.73)

10

119.12 (34.68)

 − 1.23 (3.79)

Between-group difference

0.08

 − 3.91, 4.08

0.01

BMI, kg/m²

 WLC

11

35.64 (5.60)

11

35.22 (6.31)

 − 0.41 (1.67)

 Metformin

11

42.33 (9.65)

10

42.86 (10.24)

 − 0.42 (1.32)

Between-group difference

0.009

 − 1.38, 1.39

0.006

Waist circumference, cm

 WLC

11

111.80 (15.13)

11

111.25 (15.65)

 − 0.54 (5.22)

 Metformin

11

123.32 (19.65)

10

124.43 (23.14)

 − 0.72 (5.14)

Between-group difference

0.17

 − 4.56, 4.92

0.03

Body fat, %

 WLC

11

42.17 (7.24)

11

42.18 (6.35)

0.009 (3.16)

 Metformin

11

48.30 (6.49)

10

48.52 (5.68)

 − 0.59 (3.17)

Between-group difference

0.59

 − 2.29, 3.49

0.18

Lean body mass, %

 WLC

11

55.80 (8.13)

11

57.79 (6.34)

1.99 (5.77)

 Metformin

11

51.69 (6.52)

10

51.45 (5.67)

0.56 (3.17)

Between-group difference

1.43

 − 2.89, 5.75

FBG, mg/dL

 WLC

11

96.00 (12.13)

10

94.18 (9.16)

 − 1.81 (11.27)

 Metformin

11

95.18 (13.12)

11

97.60 (16.93)

2.10 (14.17)

Between-group difference

 − 3.91

15.56, 7.72

 − 0.30

Cholesterol, mg/dL

 WLC

11

172.82 (21.94)

11

175.09 (31.84)

2.27 (26.03)

 Metformin

11

193.73 (34.89)

10

197.20 (49.48)

3.50 (22.95)

Between-group difference

 − 1.22

 − 23.74, 21.29

 − 0.05

LDL, mg/dL

 WLC

11

110.18 (20.09)

11

114.36 (29.97)

4.18 (26.37)

 Metformin

11

120.55 (35.59)

10

126.00 (43.24)

6.40 (16.89)

Between-group difference

 − 2.21

 − 22.69, 18.25

 − 0.07

HDL, mg/dL

 WLC

11

47.00 (13.97)

11

43.55 (11.26)

 − 3.45 (5.73)

 Metformin

11

52.18 (8.61)

10

49.70 (7.52)

 − 2.80 (4.49)

Between-group difference

 − 0.65

 − 5.39, 4.08

 − 0.12

Triglycerides, mg/dL

 WLC

11

120.91 (55.26)

11

118.36 (71.23)

 − 2.54 (31.79)

 Metformin

11

107.55 (31.37)

10

119.80 (52.43)

16.30 (32.47)

Between-group difference

 − 18.84

 − 48.21, 10.52

 − 0.58

Systolic BP, mm Hg

 WLC

11

134.80 (15.09)

11

133.09 (14.45)

 − 1.70 (9.98)

 Metformin

11

151.50 (25.40)

10

141.30 (20.89)

 − 13.15 (19.70)

Between-group difference

11.44

 − 2.62, 25.51

0.74

Diastolic BP, mm Hg

 WLC

11

88.86 (9.56)

11

8.65 (2.60)

 − 3.22 (9.49)

 Metformin

11

85.01 (12.54)

10

10.90 (3.44)

 − 0.67 (10.09)

Between-group difference

 − 2.55

 − 11.50, 6.38

 − 0.26